Any javascript solution would have to be backed up by a non-javascript fall back. Can you 'get' back to the main page targeting its window by name? This would cause a reload. That could be your fall back. The javascript solution could involve code on the pop up. If this pop up was opened by the page you want updated, it can access an element on that page using the opener convention:
Code:
var newopt=opener.document.createElement('option');
newopt.value=whatever; //you can use database or other server tokens here*
newopt.text=whatever; //same here, this is the text displayed by the option
opener.document.forms['formname']['selectelementname'].appendChild(newopt);
This could be assigned to the event that 'gets' back to the main page but return false so that if javascript were enabled, no reload of the page would be required.
* If they were current at the time the code was parsed. If this is information being sent to the database from a form on the pop up, you could grab it from the form using javascript.
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